Feather's Composition of South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) Using WDXRF.

This study investigated the feathers' composition of South polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) using WDXRF, evaluating the concentration of essential and non-essential elements in the feathers, and dividing it into rachis and barb parts. We collected South polar skuas feathers from Hennequin Point, King George Island, South Shetland, Antarctic Peninsula in January of 2013. Our results show that 18 elements were observed in the composition of the feathers, with a different concentration between the rachis and barbs, qualitatively and quantitatively. Only 3 elements observed were classified as non-essentials but still mostly elements do not have a function described in the literature to the feathers. According to our knowledge, this is the first study that uses this technique to evaluate the concentration of different elements in the feathers. The findings of this study highlight the use of alternative techniques to biomonitoring elements in the ecosystem and bring baseline information for future studies.

Epidemiological study of intraosseous lesions of the stomatognathic or maxillomandibular complex diagnosed by a Reference Centre in Brazil from 2006-2017.

This epidemiological study was designed to find out the incidence and factors associated with the occurrence of intraosseous lesions diagnosed at a Reference Centre in Brazil. We included all patients diagnosed with intraosseous lesions (cyst, tumour, bone-associated lesion, and periapical disease) during the period 2006-2017, and analysed the association between some sociodemographic and clinical variables and the types of lesion. There was a total of 290 intraosseous lesions, the most common being odontogenic cysts. There was a significant association between age and odontogenic tumours (p=0.001). In relation to the histopathological diagnosis, root cysts were the most common (n=57), followed by dentigerous cysts (n=26). The lesions studied were seen most often in women between the second and fourth decades of life, odontogenic cysts being the most common type found. We know of few publications of similar epidemiological work, either in Brazil or in the rest of the world, so we suggest that more such studies are made.

Influence of 3 calcium channel blockers on gingival overgrowth in a population of severe refractory hypertensive patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to assess the association between 3 different calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (nifedipine, amlodipine and felodipine) and gingival overgrowth in patients with a diagnosis of severe refractory hypertension. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-two patients with severe refractory hypertension, taking CCBs, were selected. Gingival overgrowth was graded and periodontal measurements were recorded (probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index and bleeding on probing). Unconditional multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between CCB intake and gingival overgrowth after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 162 patients, 26 (16.0%) were current smokers and 101 (62.3%) were females. The mean age (SD) was 54.1 (8.5) years and the median age (range) 52.5 (39-78) years. Gingival overgrowth was observed in 55 patients (34.0%). Nifedipine was the most common medication (35.2%; 57 of 162). The results of multiple binary logistic regression showed statistically significant associations between CCB intake (exposure) and gingival overgrowth (outcome) after adjusting for the variables treatment time with antihypertensive and plaque index. Patients with gingival overgrowth were 2.5 (odds ratio = 2.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.04-5.82) and 4.0 (odds ratio = 3.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.47-10.35) times more likely to be taking nifedipine and amlodipine, respectively, than patients without gingival overgrowth. On the other hand, this significant association was not observed for felodipine. CONCLUSION: Nifedipine and amlodipine, but not felodipine, were associated with gingival overgrowth in patients with severe refractory hypertension.

Low-level laser therapy and anesthetic infiltration for orofacial pain in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: To compare the analgesic effect of anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) by GaAlAs into tender points of patients with orofacial pain and fibromyalgia (FM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was performed with adults (N=66) that were allocated into two groups (1:1): Group A received LLLT irradiation by Diode Laser GaAlAs (780nm) with expositions twice a week during six weeks and Group B was treated with anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor once a week for four weeks. The pain assessment included the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) and tenderness to palpation. RESULTS: No dropout and adverse effect was observed during the study. The pain decreased significantly in each group after the treatment (p=0.0001, ß=1.0), even though no statistical difference was found between both treatments (p=0.46, ß= 0.82). The presence of tender points decreased after both treatments, with responsively in some types of masticatory muscles (p<0.05) except posterior temporalis muscle. The patients perception showed that both treatments were effective and a few patients reported that the treatment did not improve welfare. CONCLUSIONS: The LLLT by GaAlAs and anesthetic infiltration of lidocaine 2% were equally effective to control orofacial pain in FM individuals.

Efeito da adição de teores crescentes de ureia na cana-de-açúcar em dietas de vacas em lactação sobre a produção e composição do leite e viabilidade econômica / The effect of increasing urea in sugarcane diet of lactating cows on milk production and composition and its economic viability

Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de teores crescentes de ureia (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0%) na matéria natural da cana-de-açúcar sobre a produção e composição do leite, eficiência alimentar e viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizadas 18 vacas em lactação, com produção média inicial de 21,3±0,8kg/dia de leite e com 83±7 dias em lactação, distribuídas em delineamento ensaio de reversão do tipo switch-back, 3x3. As dietas experimentais foram constituídas de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso único e concentrado, na relação de 50:50 (base MS). Não houve efeito da suplementação dos diferentes teores de ureia sobre a produção e composição do leite. Contudo, a eficiência alimentar (produção de leite/consumo de matéria seca) foi melhor nas dietas em que se utilizou ureia, sendo 1,14; 1,17 e 1,17, respectivamente, para as dietas com 0,0; 0,5 e 1,0% de ureia (P<0,05). Considerando-se apenas o custo alimentar, todas as dietas apresentaram saldo positivo, sendo que a dieta com 1,0% de ureia apresentou o melhor saldo.(AU)

We studied the effect of increasing 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% urea in natural sugar cane on cow milk production and composition, food productivity and economic viability. Eighteen lactating cows were studied, they had avarage milk production of 21.3±0.8kg/day and were 83±7 days in lactation in a switch-back, 3 x 3 design. The experimental diets consisted of a unique concentrated sugar cane portion with the 50:50 relation (MS base). The results showed no effect of different urea concentrations on the milk production or composition. However, food productivity (milk production/dry matter consumption) was 1.14; 1.17, and 1.17 respectively on urea diets of 0.0; 0.5 and 1.0% (P<0.05). Considering only the alimentary cost, all diets had a positive balance, and the 1.0% urea concentration was the best.(AU)

Marine reservoir effect on the Southeastern coast of Brazil: results from the Tarioba shellmound paired samples.

On the Southeastern coast of Brazil the presence of many archaeological shellmounds offers a great potential for studying the radiocarbon marine reservoir effect (MRE). However, very few such studies are available for this region. These archaeological settlements, mostly dating from 5 to 2 kyr cal BP, include both terrestrial and marine remains in good stratigraphic context and secure association, enabling the comparison of different carbon reservoirs. In a previous study the chronology of the Sambaqui da Tarioba, located in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, was established based on marine mollusc shells and charcoal samples from hearths, from several layers in two excavated sectors. We now compare the different materials with the aim of studying the MRE in this region. Calibration was performed with Oxford software OxCal v4.2.3 using the marine curve Marine13 with an undetermined offset to account for local corrections for shell samples, and the atmospheric curve SHCal13 for charcoal samples. The distribution of results considering a phase model indicates a ΔR value of -127 ± 67 (14)C yr in the 1 sigma range and the multi-paired approach leads to a mean value of -110 ± 94 (14)C yr.

Relação proteína: carboidrato no desempenho e metabolismo de juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) / Ratio protein: carbohydrate on performance and metabolism of Juvenile (Lophiosilurus alexandri)

Objetivou-se neste estudo verificar o melhor nível de inclusão entre proteína e carboidrato no desempenho e algumas respostas metabólicas em juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). Testaram-se quatro dietas com as relações proteína/carboidrato (PB:CHO) 1,24; 0,84; 0,51 e 0,33 durante 60 dias. Foram utilizados 240 juvenis de pacamã pesando inicialmente 1,90g, alimentados duas vezes ao dia (8% da biomassa). Avaliou-se o ganho de peso total, taxa de crescimento específico, consumo de ração aparente, conversão alimentar aparente, rendimento de carcaça e gordura visceral. Glicemia, aminoácidos totais livres no plasma e glicogênio hepático também foram avaliados. A relação PB:CHO influenciou (P<0,05) os parâmetros de desempenho e metabolismo, exceto o glicogênio hepático. Maiores concentrações de glicose e aminoácidos totais livres no plasma foram observadas nos peixes que se alimentaram com a dieta contendo a maior relação PB:CHO (1,24). Além disso, observaram-se melhores médias de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar aparente. Maiores percentuais de gordura visceral e menor rendimento de carcaça foram observados nos animais submetidos à dieta composta pela menor relação PB:CHO (0,33). Pode-se concluir que a dieta com a relação PB:CHO de 1,24 promoveu melhor desempenho e respostas metabólicas em juvenis de pacamã...

The aim of this study was to determine the best level of inclusion between protein and carbohydrate on performance and some metabolic responses in juvenile pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri). We tested four diets regarding protein/carbohydrate (PB: CHO) 1.24, 0.84, 0.51 and 0.33 for 60 days. The experiment was conducted with 240 juvenile pacamã initially weighing 1.90g, fed twice daily (8% of the biomass). We evaluated the total weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield and visceral fat. Glucose, total plasma free amino acids and liver glycogen were also evaluated. The relationship PB: CHO influenced (P <0.05) the performance and metabolism parameters except the liver glycogen. Higher concentrations of glucose and total plasma free amino acids were observed in fish that were fed the diet containing the highest ratio PB: CHO (1.24); and we also observed better mean weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion. A higher percentage of visceral fat and lower carcass yield were observed in animals treated with diet composed by the lower ratio PB: CHO (0.33). We can conclude that a diet with a ratio PB: CHO of 1.24, promotes better performance and metabolic responses in juvenile pacamã...

Relação proteína: carboidrato no desempenho e no metabolismo de híbridos de Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (fêmea) X Leiarius marmoratus (macho) / Evaluation of protein: carbohydrate ratio in the diet of hybrids of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (female) X Leiarius marmoratus (male)

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar a melhor relação entre proteína e carboidrato na dieta do híbrido carnívoro Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum e Leiarius marmoratus. Utilizou-se um sistema fechado de recirculação de água, composto de 12 caixas de 500L e biofiltro. Foram utilizados 144 juvenis (12/caixa) com peso médio inicial de 12,63±2,52g e comprimento total de 12,34±2,06cm durante 50 dias. Os peixes receberam quatro dietas contendo diferentes relações proteína:carboidrato (1,24; 0,84; 0,56 e 0,33). A relação proteína:carboidrato influenciou o desempenho e os parâmetros metabólicos dos animais. A melhor relação proteína:carboidrato para o desempenho foi 0,84. Os resultados metabólicos demonstraram mobilização de nutrientes para manutenção de glicemia e do crescimento. A relação proteína:carboidrato de 0,84 foi a mais indicada para o híbrido...

The purpose of this study was to determine the best protein:carbohydrate ratio in this hybrid's diet. A water recirculation closed system was used, composed of twelve tanks with 500L each. 144 juveniles (12/tank) with initial weight of 12.63±2.52g and total length of 12.34±2.06cm were distributed. The experiment lasted for 50 days and the fingerlings were feed four diets containing different protein:carbohydrate ratios (1.24; 0.84; 0.56 and 0.33). The protein:carbohydrate ratio influenced performance. The 0.84 ratio promoted better weight gain, smaller apparent feed conversion, great feed intake and largest daily specific growth rate. In short, the 0.84 protein:carbohydrate ratio is most indicated for this hybrid. The results demonstrated metabolic mobilization of nutrients for maintenance of glucose and growth. The 0.84 protein: carbohydrate ratio was recommended for the hybrid...

Frequência de alimentação para juvenis de tambaqui / Feeding frequency for tambaqui juveniles

Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar qual frequência alimentar promove o melhor desempenho em juvenis de tambaqui. Foram testadas quatro frequências alimentares (duas, quatro, seis e oito vezes ao dia) em intervalos regulares. Foram estocados alevinos de tambaqui com peso médio inicial de 15,74±0,28g em 16 aquários de vidro transparentes com capacidade de 70L de volume útil, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. O período de alimentação foi de 30 dias, e utilizou-se uma ração comercial contendo 45 por cento de proteína bruta para peixes onívoros, com taxa de arraçoamento de 6 por cento da biomassa total dos peixes de cada aquário. Os resultados médios de pH, temperatura (°C) e condutividade elétrica (mS/cm) para manhã e tarde foram, respectivamente: 6,91; 6,96; 25,85; 27,69; 0,65; e 0,65. Foram avaliados os índices de desempenho: ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de crescimento específico, sobrevivência, e também foi analisada a glicose sanguínea. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas para as variáveis estudadas. Recomenda-se a frequência de alimentação de duas vezes ao dia para juvenis de tambaqui, principalmente visando minimizar mão de obra...

The aim of this research was to assess how often food promotes better performance in tambaqui. We tested four food frequencies (two, four, six and eight times a day) at regular intervals. Tambaqui fingerlings with initial weight of 15.74±0.28g were stocked in 16 transparent glass tanks with a capacity of 70L of usable volume in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The feeding period was thirty days and a commercial diet containing 45 percent crude protein for omnivorous fish and a feeding rate of 6 percent of the total biomass of fish for each experimental unit was used. The average results of pH, temperature °C and electrical conductivity mS/cm for morning and afternoon were respectively 6.91 and 6.96; 25.85 and 27.69; 0.65 and 0.65. We evaluated the performance indices: weight gain, feed conversion, specific growth rate, survival, and also blood glucose. No significant differences were detected for the variables studied. It is recommended that the frequency of feeding be 2 times a day for tambaqui, mainly to minimize labor...

Farelo de licuri em dietas para alevinos de tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier, 1818) / Licuri meal in diets for tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier, 1818)

A busca de alimentos alternativos para a fabricação de ração para peixes tem se tornado constante. No entanto, é essencial que, além de ter ótimo aproveitamento pela espécie, este alimento esteja disponível ao longo do ano. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de milho pelo farelo de licuri sobre o desempenho de alevinos de tambaqui. Três tratamentos de níveis de substituição de milho pelo farelo de licuri (33,33 por cento; 66,66 por cento e 100 por cento) foram avaliados e comprados com a dieta controle. Os alevinos, com peso inicial médio de 3,18±0,5g, foram distribuídos em caixas de água de 250L, contendo cada uma, inicialmente, 16 animais. Os alevinos foram alimentados três vezes ao dia, a uma taxa de 5 por cento da biomassa total, durante o período de 50 dias. A cada 10 dias eram realizadas biometrias. Ao final do experimento, foram avaliados parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico e foi feita avaliação bromatológica da carcaça. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, para os parâmetros: peso final, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, eficiência alimentar, sobrevivência e crescimento, somente para o consumo de ração, que foi significativamente menor quando houve 100 por cento de substituição. Neste tratamento também houve maior porcentagem de proteína bruta e menor teor de extrato etéreo na carcaça...

The search for alternative ingredients for fish feed has become constant, therefore it is essential that the ingredients have total use by the specie. Beyond this, the ingredient should be available throughout the year. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the corn meal replacement by licuri meal over tambaqui juvenile performance. Three replacement treatments were evaluated and compared to the control diet (33.33 percent; 66.66 percent and 100 percent). Sixteen fish (initial weight = 3.18 ± 0.5 g ) were placed in 250 L tanks. Fish were fed three times a day at the average of 5 percent of total biomass. Every ten days fish were weighed and measured. At the end of the trial, performance and carcass composition were evaluated in each treatment. There was no significant difference among treatments for final weight, weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, survival and growth. However, there was significant difference for feed consumption, which was significantly lower where 100% of corn meal was replaced by licuri meal. Is this treatment higher carcass protein content and lower carcass fat was also significant...

Desempenho, composição do leite e metabólitos sanguíneos de vacas Holandês x Gir manejadas em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e suplementadas com grão de soja tostado / Performance milk composition and blood metabolites of Holstein x Gir cows grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu grass supplemented with roasted soybeans

Avaliaram-se o consumo, metabólitos sanguíneos e a produção e composição do leite de 16 vacas Holandês x Gir, manejadas em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, suplementadas com 6kg/vaca/dia (base matéria natural) de concentrado contendo 0; 1,3; 2,6 e 3,9kg/vaca/dia de grão de soja tostado (GST). Foi utilizado o delineamento com quatro quadrados latinos (QL) 4 x 4, sendo cada fase do QL constituída de 10 dias de período de adaptação à dieta e de cinco para coleta de amostras. A suplementação da dieta com GST resultou em redução linear (P<0,05) nos consumos de matéria seca e de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro do pasto e total. A concentração de glicose não foi afetada (P>0,05), porém a de ácidos graxos não esterificados aumentou com a inclusão do GST na dieta (P<0,05). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da adição do GST sobre a produção e composição do leite, exceto para o teor (P=0,10) e produção (P=0,08) de gordura no leite.

Feed intake, blood metabolites, and milk yield and composition of Holstein x Gir cows grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu receiving 6kg/cow/day (natural matter based) of concentrate containing 0, 1.3, 2.6, 3.9kg/cow/day of roasted soybean seeds (RSS) were evaluated. The experimental design was four 4 x 4 latin square (LS) in wich each phase consisted of 10 days for diet adaptation period and 5 days for samples collection. Diet supplementation with RSS decreased linearly (P<0.05) the intake of pasture, total diet dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. The plasma glucose concentration was unaffected (P>0.05), but nonesterified fatty acids increased with RSS supplementation (P<0.05). There was no effect (P>0.05) of RSS supplement on milk production and composition, except the linear reduction on the content (P=0.10) and yield (P=0.08) milk fat, which can present positive financial implication to farmers, knowing that most of the Brazilian dairy use payment programs by milk composition.

LmrTX, a basic PLA2 (D49) purified from Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom with enzymatic-related antithrombotic and anticoagulant activity.

A basic phospholipase A2 (LmrTX) isoform was isolated from Lachesis muta rhombeata snake venom and partially characterized. The venom was fractionated by molecular exclusion chromatography in ammonium bicarbonate buffer followed by reverse-phase HPLC on a C-5 Discovery® Bio Wide column. From liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of LmrTX was measured as 14.277.50 Da. The amino acid sequence showed a high degree of homology between PLA2 LmrTX from L. muta rhombeata and other PLA2 from snake venoms, like CB1 and CB2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus; LmTX-I and LmTX-II from Lachesis muta muta. LmrTX had PLA2 activity in the presence of a synthetic substrate and alkylation of histidine residues significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) the enzymatic activity of LmrTX and its anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity. In this study, we examined the ability of the LmrTX in altering thrombus formation in living mouse, using a photochemically induced arterial thrombosis model. The control animals that did not receive protein injection showed a normal occlusion time, which was around 57 ± 7.8 min. LmrTX, the PLA2 from L. muta rhombeata venom, caused a change in the occlusion time to 99 ± 10 min with doses of 7.5 µg/mice. Additionally, LmrTX showed the anticoagulant activity in vitro and ex vivo and prolonging the time aggregation in wash platelet induced by ADP and Thrombin.

Evaluation of effectiveness of EDTA and sodium thiosulfate in removing metal toxicity toward sea urchin embryo-larval applying the TIE.

Since the development of the TIE (Toxicity Identification and Evaluation) in 1988 it has been assumed that the capacity of EDTA and sodium thiosulfate to complex some metals, and thus remove their toxicity, can be applied to both freshwater and seawater ecotoxicological tests and the results subsequently interpreted. However, it is now known that there is a wide variability in the extent of this complexation. In this context, the removal of toxicity caused by the presence of Hg(2+), Cd(2+), Cu(2+), Cr(6+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), Ag(1+) and Se(2+), through metal complexation by EDTA and sodium thiosulfate, in relation to the performance of embryo-larval tests with the sea urchin Arbacia lixula was investigated. It was observed that EDTA was capable of removing the toxicity of Pb(2+), Zn(2+) and Cu(2+) while sodium thiosulfate only reduced the toxicity of Ag(1+). Compared to the complexation observed in freshwater ecotoxicological tests, the complexing agents used in this study (EDTA and sodium thiosulfate) have a lower capacity to complex metals in the marine ecotoxicological test with A. lixula.

Delay from fracture to hospital admission: a new risk factor for hip fracture mortality?

UNLABELLED: The relationship between surgical timing and hip fracture mortality is unknown in the context of developing countries where large delays to surgery are common. We observed that delay from fracture to hospital admission is associated with decreased survival after a hip fracture. INTRODUCTION: To examine the relationship between the time interval from fracture to surgery as well as its subcomponents (time from fracture to hospital admission and time from admission to surgery) and hip fracture survival. METHODS: The medical records of all patients aged 60 years and older admitted to a public university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro with a primary diagnosis of hip fracture between 1995 and 2000 were reviewed. Survival to hospital discharge and at 1 year were examined. RESULTS: Among 343 patients included in the study, there were 18 (5.3%) in-hospital deaths, and 297 (86.6%) patients remained alive 1 year after surgery. Very long delays from the time of fracture to hospital admission (mean 3 days) and from hospital admission to surgery (mean 13 days) were identified. Increased time from fracture to hospital admission was associated with reduced survival to hospital discharge (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.15, p = 0.005) and reduced survival at 1 year after surgery (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.10, p < 0.001). The interval of time from hospital admission to surgery was not associated with reduced survival to hospital discharge (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.10, p = 0.379) or at 1 year after surgery (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99-1.07, p= 0.185). CONCLUSIONS: If the association estimated in our study is causal, our results provide evidence that some hip fracture-related deaths could be prevented by improved patient access to appropriate and timely hospital care in the context of a developing country.

Substituição do farelo de milho pela farinha de manga no desempenho da tilápia-do-nilo / Replacement of corn meal by mango in the dietary in performance of fingerlings of Nile-tilapia

Avaliou-se nesta pesquisa o efeito de diferentes fontes de carboidratos no desempenho de alevinos de tilápia. Foram testadas quatro dietas isoproteicas com diferentes concentrações de farinha de manga 0; 33, 66, e 100 por cento em substituição ao milho. O período de alimentação foi de 45 dias, e a taxa de arraçoamento foi de 8 por cento da biomassa. Foram utilizados 360 alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo, com peso médio inicial de 2,08±0,13g, distribuídos em 12 caixas de 500L, em um sistema de recirculação de água com biofiltro. Foram avaliados índices de desempenho, consumo de ração, rendimento de carcaça e sobrevivência. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o ganho de peso individual, o ganho médio diário, a taxa de crescimento específico, o consumo de ração aparente, a conversão alimentar aparente e a sobrevivência não foram afetados pelas fontes de carboidratos testadas. O rendimento de carcaça foi influenciado pela farinha de manga na ração. Concluiu-se que o milho na dieta pode ser substituído 100 por cento pela farinha de manga para a tilápia, sem prejudicar o desempenho.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different carbohydrates on the performance of Tilapia fingerlings. Four isoproteic diets with different concentrations of mango meal (0, 33, 66 and 100 percent) were tested to replace the cornmeal. The feeding period was 45 days and the feeding rate was 8 percent of the biomass. Three hundred and sixty nile tilapia fingerlings with initial average weight of 2.08±0.13g, distributed into 12 500L experimental units, in a water recirculating system with biofilter were used. Performance indicators such as feed intake, carcass yield and survival rate were also evaluated. The results showed that the individual weight gain, average daily gain, specific growth rate, apparent feed intake, apparent feed conversion and survival were not affected by the two sources of carbohydrates tested. The carcass yield was influenced by mango meal in the diet. It was concluded that the replacement of maize in the diet can be done with 100 percent mango meal for Tilapia.

Antibacterial activity of 15-deoxygoyazensolide isolated from the stems of Minasia alpestris (Asteraceae) against oral pathogens.

This work reports the isolation of the sesquiterpene lactone 15-deoxygoyazensolide from the stems of Minasia alpestris and the evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against the following oral pathogens: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus casei. Despite the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of other sesquiterpene lactones of the furanoheliangolide-type, our results revealed that this compound exhibits low antibacterial activity against the evaluated oral pathogens; however, an interesting selectivity against E. faecalis (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]=40 µg mL(-1)) and S. sobrinus (MIC=60 µg mL(-1)) was observed.

Suplemento múltiplo com ionóforos para novilhos em pasto: desempenho / Multiple supplement with ionophores for grazing steers: performance

Avaliou-se o desempenho de 25 novilhos Holandês x Zebu, castrados, com média de peso vivo inicial de 265±50 kg, sob pastejo emBrachiaria decumbens, distribuídos em cinco grupos e em cinco piquetes, segundo os tratamentos: controle - suplementação múltipla sem ionóforos (CONT); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de monensina (M100); suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de monensina (M200); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L100); suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L200). O período experimental foi de 105 dias, com rotação dos grupos nos piquetes a cada 21 dias. A suplementação foi fornecida ad libitum. A avaliação de desempenho ocorreu mediante a pesagem dos animais, em jejum de alimento e água de 14 horas, no início de cada período e término do experimento. Os animais alimentados com suplementos com ionóforos apresentaram maior ganho de peso em relação aos do controle (0,357 vs. 0,268; P = 0,0068). Entre os ionóforos, os animais alimentados com lasalocida ganharam mais peso (0,398 vs. 0,333; P=0,0175). O melhor desempenho pode ser explicado pelo maior consumo dos suplementos pelos animais alimentados com lasalocida (0,53 vs. 0,42; P<0,0001).

The performance of 25 castrated Holstein x Zebu crossbred steers averaging 265±50kgBW, grazing on Brachiaria decumbens, during dry season was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completed randomized design and the animals were grouped in five different paddocks with the following treatments: control - multiple supplement without ionophores (CONT); multiple supplement with 100mg of monensin/animal/day (M100); multiple supplement with 200mg of monensin/animal/day (M200); multiple supplement with 100mg of lasalocid/animal/day (L100); and multiple supplement with 200mg of lasalocid/animal/day (L200). The experimental period was 105 days, with changing groups on paddocks every 21 days. The multiple supplement was offered ad libitum. Body weight was evaluated after 14 hours of fasting. Animals fed multiple supplement with ionophores showed higher average daily weight gain than control (0.357 vs 0.268; P= 0.0068), as well as steers fed lasalocid in comparision to monensin (0.398 vs. 0.333; P= 0.0175). Animals suplemented with lasalocid had higher intakes and higher average daily gain (0.53 vs. 0.42; P<0.0001).

Suplemento múltiplo com ionóforos para novilhos em pasto: consumo, fermentação ruminal e degradabilidade in situ / Multiple supplement with ionophores for grazing steers: intake, ruminal fermentation, and in situ degradability

Avaliou-se o efeito do suplemento múltiplo com ionóforos sobre o consumo, a fermentação ruminal e a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca da forragem. Utilizaram-se cinco novilhos Holandês x Zebu fistulados no rúmen, com peso vivo médio de 350kg, em delineamento em quadrado latino. Os tratamentos foram: suplementação múltipla sem ionóforos (CONT); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de monensina (M100); suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de monensina (M200); suplementação múltipla com 100mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L100); e suplementação múltipla com 200mg/cab/dia de lasalocida (L200). O uso de ionóforos no suplemento não influenciou o consumo de forragem, que foi, em média, 7,24kg MS/dia. A presença de ionóforos resultou em ligeiro aumento do pH ruminal em relação à ausência desses aditivos (P<0,05). Houve diferença na concentração do N-NH3 apenas para os teores de ionóforos em que 200mg/cab/dia reduziu a quantidade de N-NH3. As concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato não foram influenciadas pela inclusão, pelo tipo ou pelos teores de ionóforos. A fração solúvel média (A) da Brachiaria decumbens foi igual a 22 por cento, e a fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável média (B) igual a 65 por cento, resultando em degradação potencial média de 87 por cento. A taxa de degradação média (c) foi de 0,03/hora. Os ionóforos não alteraram a degradação in situ da matéria seca.

The effect of multiple supplement with ionophores was evaluated on intake, ruminal fermentation, and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM) of the pasture forage. Five rumen fistulated Holstein x Zebu steers averaging 350kg of BW were used. The animals were grouped in five different paddocks under Latin Square experimental design. The treatments were multiple supplement without ionophores (CONT); multiple supplement with 100mg of monensin/animal/day (M100); multiple supplement with 200mg of monensin/animal/day (M200); multiple supplement with 100mg of lasalocid/animal/day (L100); multiple supplement with 200mg of lasalocid/animal/day (L200). The pasture intake was 7.24kg DM/day and it was not affected by ionophores. The average pH was influenced (P<0.05) by the presence of the ionophores in the supplements. There rumen N-NH3 concentration was negatively influenced by the ionophores levels in the multiple supplement. The molar concentrations of acetate, propionate, and butirate in the rumen were not affect by the presence, type, or level of ionophores. The mean soluble fraction A of Brachiaria decumbens was 22 percent, the mean potential degradable insoluble fraction (B) was 65 percent, and the degradability was 87 percent. The mean degradation rate (c) was 0.03/h. The ionophores did not affect DM in situ degradability.

Produtividade e eficiência econômica de sistemas de produção de cria, recria e engorda de bovinos de corte na região sul do estado da Bahia / Economic efficiency and productivity of life-cycle beef cattle production systems in the South of Bahia

Estudaram-se a produtividade e a eficiência econômica de quatro sistemas de bovinos de corte, por meio de simulação, que diferiram quanto à taxa de natalidade (TN). A pesquisa foi realizada em uma fazenda de ciclo completo (SCC) com TN de 87 por cento, e mais três sistemas simulados: -4TN com TN de 83 por cento; -2TN com TN de 85 por cento; e +2TN com TN de 89 por cento. O SCC foi baseado em dados de um sistema de cria, recria e engorda com média de 3.453 cabeças, localizado no sul da Bahia, no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2002. As TN foram ajustadas à demanda energética dos animais em cada sistema e à evolução do rebanho durante três anos. A quantidade de carne vendida foi de 149, 146, 144, 141 kg/ha/ano para -4TN, -2TN, SCC e +2TN, respectivamente. O lucro total acumulado, na mesma ordem de citação, foi de R$780.695,42; R$737.526,16; R$727.031,52 e R$703.907,58. O retorno do capital investido acumulado foi de 7,8; 7,4; 7,3 e 7,0 por cento para -4 TN, -2TN, SCC e +2TN, respectivamente. A variação da TN na atividade de cria, recria e engorda de bovinos alterou a produtividade e a eficiência econômica dos sistemas simulados. As respostas em produtividade e eficiência econômica diminuíram com o aumento da taxa de natalidade.

Economic efficiency and productivity of life-cycle cattle raising systems were studied by simulations that differed in calving rates (CR). The study was conducted on a life-cycle cattle production system (SCC) with 87 percent CR, and three simulated systems: -4CR with 83 percent CR, -2CR with 85 percent CR, and +2CR with 89 percent CR. The SCC was based on data from a life-cycle cattle system of 3,453 animals in the South of Bahia State, from January 2000 to December 2002. CR was adjusted according to energy requirement and herd composition in SCC during three years. Meat amount sold was 149, 146, 144, and 141kg/ha/year for -4CR, -2CR, SCC, and +2CR, respectively. Accumulated profit and return on invested capital were R$ 780,695.42 and 7.8 percent; R$ 737,526.16 and 7.4 percent; R$ 727,031.52 and 7.3 percent; and R$ 703,907.58 and 7.0 percent for -4CR, -2CR, SCC, and +2CR, respectively. Calving rate variation modified the economic efficiency and productivity of simulated production systems. Economic efficiency and productivity results decreased as calving rate increased.

Perdas econômicas ocasionadas pelas enfermidades podais em vacas leiteiras confinadas em sistema free stall / Economic losses caused by sequels of lameness in free-stall-housed dairy cows

Avaliaram-se 55 casos clínicos de manqueira em um rebanho de 100 vacas em lactação confinadas em sistema de free stall, durante um ano. As afecções mais observadas foram abscessos de sola e talão, úlcera de sola e dermatite digital que representaram 87,3 por cento (48/55) das ocorrências. O tratamento empregado mostrou-se satisfatório com recuperação de todos os animais tratados com 24,5 dias, em média, sem ocorrência de descarte. O custo com tratamento e redução na produção de leite foi de US$95.80/vaca, o que representou US$52.69 por vaca alojada/ano. Quando se computaram as perdas reprodutivas e com mastite, obtiveram-se US$227.94 adicionais em vaca com problema de manqueira. O custo adicional anual total no rebanho decorrente de seqüelas de manqueira foi de US$12,536.70, que representou US$125.36 por vaca alojada/ano. O período de serviço e o número de serviços por concepção em vacas com problemas de manqueira e normais foram 266 e 200,5 dias e 4,3 e 3,3 serviços, respectivamente. As incidências de mastite e metrite na mesma ordem de citação anterior foram 60 por cento e 25 por cento e 29 por cento e 12,5 por cento.

Fifty-five clinical cases of lameness were evaluated in 100 lactating cows housed in a free-stall system during one year. The most observed affections were sole and heel abscesses, sole ulcers and digital dermatitis that accounted for 87.3 percent (48/55) of the occurrences. The treated cows showed satisfactory recovery (24.5 average days) without culling. The total individual cost including treatment and reduction of milk production was US$95.80/cow or US$52.69 per housed cow/year. When reproductive losses and mastitis were considered an additional cost of US$227.94 per lameness cow was estimated. The total additional annual cost from sequels of lameness was US$12.536.70 or US$152.36 per housed cow/year. The number of days open and the number of services per conception in lameness and normal cows were, respectively, 266 and 200.5 days and 4.3 and 3.3 services. Mastitis and metritis incidences, regarding the same animals, were, respectively, 60 percent and 25 percent and 29 percent and 12.5 percent.